Optimized Composite Braking Energy Recovery Control for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle with a 3-Speed Dedicated Hybrid Transmission

Wang, Xuanyao; Wang, Qing

doi:2026.27.1.309

International Journal of Automotive Technology > Volume 27(1); 2026 > Article

Connected Automated Vehicles and ITS, Electric, Fuel Cell, and Hybrid Vehicle, Vehicle Dynamics and Control

International Journal of Automotive Technology 2026;27(1): 309-330.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00303-y

Optimized Composite Braking Energy Recovery Control for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle with a 3-Speed Dedicated Hybrid Transmission

Xuanyao Wang^1,2,3, Qing Wang¹

¹School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
²Institute of Environment-Friendly Materials and Occupational Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Wuhu 241000, China
³School of New Energy and Intelligent Networked Automobile, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Hefei 231131, China

Corresponding Author. Xuanyao Wang , Email. xywang@aust.edu.cn

Received: April 11, 2025; Revised: May 24, 2025 Accepted: May 26, 2025. Published online: July 13, 2025.

ABSTRACT

This paper presents an electro-hydraulic composite braking coordination control strategy for optimizing energy efficiency in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles by integrating regenerative and mechanical braking. The approach is based on a three-speed hybrid unique gearbox (3-DHT). Initially, a working mode division strategy is developed to address the dynamic coupling during multi-mode switching in the front axle 3-DHT gearbox. This strategy is established considering the torque characteristics of the front axle dual motors. The differential evolution (DE) algorithm is employed to determine the braking force distribution coefficient that maximizes system efficiency. Subsequently, a joint constraint model incorporating braking strength and road adhesion coefficient is formulated. A refined DE algorithm is employed to dynamically distribute front-rear braking force based on real-time road conditions. Simulation outcomes generated through AVL-CRUISE/Simulink/CarSim illustrate that the proposed approach boosts braking energy recuperation by 4.10% (NEDC) and 2.63% (WLTC) relative to an ideal distribution. This advancement diminishes repercussions, enhances fluidity, and guarantees safety throughout braking maneuvers.

Key Words: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle · Composite baking · Differential evolution (DE) algorithm · Braking energy recovery · Braking force distribution strategy