| Energy Management Optimization for P1 + P2 Plug-in Hybrid Light Commercial Vehicles Based on Speed Prediction |
| Xuanyao Wang1,2,3, Qing Wang1 |
1State Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligent Technology for Unmanned Coal Mining, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
2School of New Energy and Intelligent Networked Automobile, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Hefei, 231131, China
3School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China |
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Received: June 27, 2025; Revised: August 7, 2025 Accepted: August 8, 2025. Published online: September 13, 2025. |
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| ABSTRACT |
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To overcome the limitations of conventional energy management strategies (EMS) in P1 + P2 plug-in hybrid electric light commercial vehicles (PHEV-LCVs), this paper proposes an adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) incorporating vehicle speed prediction. In this strategy, the equivalent factor (EF) is dynamically adjusted based on real-time vehicle speed patterns and battery state of charge (SOC) to improve fuel economy and energy efficiency. A radial basis function (RBF) neural network predicts short-term vehicle speed using historical data, while principal component analysis (PCA) extracts key features for input into a self-organizing map (SOM) neural network for speed pattern classification. Based on the identified patterns and a reference SOC trajectory designed to maintain SOC within allowable limits, a PI-fuzzy controller adaptively updates the EF in real time. This coordinated approach optimizes torque distribution and enhances energy management performance under varying driving conditions. Joint simulations under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) demonstrate that the proposed method reduces fuel consumption by 12.23% and 6.64% compared to conventional ECMS and SOC-based adaptive ECMS under NEDC and by 26.15% and 11.94% under WLTC, respectively. These findings confirm that the proposed strategy effectively improves fuel economy across different driving scenarios. |
| Key Words:
Plug-In hybrid light commercial vehicle · Radial basis function neural network · Self-organizing map neural network · Equivalent consumption minimization strategy · Vehicle-speed recognition |
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Corresponding Author.
Xuanyao Wang , Email. 
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