| Study of Lithium-Ion Battery Internal Short Circuit Diagnosis Based on Multi-model Fusion Network Model |
| Zhongbo Zhang1,2, Yongjia Zeng1, Caihang Liao3, Wei Yu1,2, Wenbo Zhu1,2, Haibing Li1, Qin Liu1 |
1School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Intelligent Inspection Technology, Foshan University, No. 33, Guangyun Road, Shishan Town, Nanhai District, Foshan, 528225, China
3School of Artificial Intelligence and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University of Applied Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526070, China |
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Received: July 18, 2025; Revised: July 18, 2025 Accepted: September 21, 2025. Published online: November 26, 2025. |
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| ABSTRACT |
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To improve the accuracy of internal short circuit (ISC) fault diagnosis for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the study proposed a fusion model based on the incremental capacity curve (ICC). In the fusion model, the gated recurrent unit (GRU) model is utilized to extract ISC time-order features from the raw data of the ICC. The convolutional neural network (CNN) model is applied to extract spatial features from 2D images of the ICC transformed by the Gramian angular summation field (GSAF) encoding method. With the multi-head self-attention (MHSA) mechanism processing the fused features of two models, the ISC degree of the LIB is diagnosed. To evaluate the performance of the fusion model on ISC fault diagnosis for LIBs, three different models, CNN, GRU, and CNN and GRU two-branch parallel fusion self-attention mechanism (CNN-GRU-SA), are used for comparison with the fusion model. The results show that the fusion model has the highest ISC fault diagnostic accuracy at different initial states of charge (SOCs). Accuracy rates of the model for ISC fault diagnostics are all above 90% at different initial SOCs. The fusion model also has the best other evaluation indicators, with average values of recall, precision, and F1 score all exceeding 90%.The proposed method is particularly suitable for early ISC fault diagnosis in battery management systems of electric vehicles, enhancing safety and reliability. |
| Key Words:
Lithium-ion battery · Internal short circuit · Fault diagnosis · Incremental capacity curve · Fusion model |
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Corresponding Author.
Wei Yu , Email. 
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