International Journal of Automotive Technology

ARTICLE VISEF: Empirical Evaluation of a Vehicle-Level Integrated Functional Safety Framework
Modern vehicles operate as Systems of Systems, with tightly coupled interactions with many subsystems. As a result, traditional item-level safety analysis based on ISO 26,262 often leads to redundant or omitted hazards, limiting the ability to assure comprehensive vehicle-level ...

ARTICLE CSPHet-CCFM-YOLOv8: A Lightweight Multi-object Detection and Distance Estimation Framework for Autonomous Driving Systems
To address the issue of low accuracy and slow detection speed in multi-object detection and distance estimation for autonomous driving systems operating in complex environments, this study proposes an enhanced multi-object detection algorithm based on YOLOv8 framework. First, an...

ARTICLE A Study on the Influence of Geometric Parameters of Stepped Combustion Chamber on Heavy Duty Diesel Engines
This study is to reveal the influence of main shape parameters of stepped combustion chamber on the combustion process, and to establish a parameterized design method for the combustion chamber that matches the fuel injection system. Based on the CFD software CONVERGE, the effec...

ARTICLE Experimental Investigation and Modeling of Cigarette Smoke Particle Removal for Vehicle Cabin Using Ionizer and Filter
This study proposes and validates a physically grounded Clean Air Delivery Rate(CADR) model for in cabin PM2.5 removal systems that combine ionization and filtration. Chamber-level and vehicle-level tests were conducted to isolate ionization effects and to assess integrated HVAC...

ARTICLE Emergency Obstacle Avoidance of Autonomous Vehicles Under Aerial Threats
−Avoiding aerial threats is a significant challenge for Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs), and the uncertainty of dynamic environments further complicates and intensifies the difficulty of evading such threats. To enhance the survivability of UGVs in scenarios where ground-air co...

ARTICLE Numerical Investigation on Laminar Burning Velocity and Flame Temperature Characteristics of Dedicated EGR SI Engine Fueled with Methane and Propane Under Different Equivalence Ratio
The laminar flame velocity is a significant metric in premixed combustion modeling of spark ignition (SI) engines. The present investigation was conducted to determine the chance of a dedicated EGR (d-EGR) system being added to a four-cylinder SI engine to increase thermal effic...

ARTICLE Modeling and Optimization of Energy Conversion Performance of a Free-Piston Linear Engine
A model-based study is carried out to optimize the energy conversion performance of a free-piston linear engine (FPLE) based on its design parameters. The FPLE is modeled by dynamic, linear alternator, and thermodynamic models. Besides, a mathematical model using particle swarm ...

ARTICLE Stability Optimization of Gaseous Pressure in a CNG Injection System
A study is conducted with simulation models to optimize the stability of gaseous pressure in a compressed natural gas (CNG) injection system. The simulation models are established for the injection system, including an operating model of a rail pipe, mechanical and electromagnet...

ARTICLE A Hierarchical Adaptive Path Planning Framework (HAPPF) with Synergistic A* and DWA Enhancements for Autonomous Vehicles
Autonomous vehicle path planning often confronts a dichotomy: global planners ensure optimality but lack dynamic adaptability, while local planners excel at real-time obstacle avoidance but are prone to local minima. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a Hierarchical ...

ARTICLE A Novel Trajectory Planning Strategy for Autonomous Ground Vehicles Using Tangent-based Artificial Potential Field
Nowadays, autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs) transform urban transport, logistics, and field operations, and they occupy a strategic core role in autonomous driving commercialization. Although the artificial potential field method (APF) has made some achievements in trajectory ...

ARTICLE A Protocol-Agnostic and Automated Approach to Bi-directional Inter-Domain Communication in Software-Defined Vehicles
Software-defined vehicles (SDVs) are rapidly emerging as a technology enabler in the modern automotive industry, relying on centralized high-performance computing platforms where different vehicular domains are consolidated. This shift necessitates seamless inter-domain communic...

ARTICLE Study of Lithium-Ion Battery Internal Short Circuit Diagnosis Based on Multi-model Fusion Network Model
To improve the accuracy of internal short circuit (ISC) fault diagnosis for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the study proposed a fusion model based on the incremental capacity curve (ICC). In the fusion model, the gated recurrent unit (GRU) model is utilized to extract ISC time-or...

ARTICLE Research on Linear Quadratic Regulator Active Air Suspension Control of Heavy-duty Bus Based on Road Roughness Grade Recognition
To enhance ride comfort of heavy-duty buses on complex roads, this paper proposes an LQR active air suspension control method with road roughness recognition. Weighting matrices of the LQR controller are pre-optimized via genetic algorithm for Grade B, C, and D roads. Road ident...

ARTICLE Joint Estimation of Truck Mass and Road Slope Based on the Unscented Kalman Smoother
The vehicle mass is a crucial parameter for analyzing operational conditions and maintenance needs from multi-source heterogeneous vehicle data. For the mass estimation of light trucks, a vehicle longitudinal dynamics model that considers the coupling of sensor nonlinear noise h...

ARTICLE Quantitative Evaluation of Urea-SCR System Hardware Anti-deposition Capability
Urea deposition is a common failure mode in diesel Urea Selective Catalytic Reduction (Urea-SCR) systems. The increased urea injection required under low-temperature conditions driven by stricter emission regulations, along with the trend toward close-coupled after-treatment sys...

ARTICLE Prediction of Transient Internal and External Temperatures in Shock Absorbers Under Different Force Levels
In this study, a thermal mathematical model is presented to predict the transient temperature differences between the inner surface of the pressure tube and the outer surface of the outer tube under damping forces in twin-tube shock absorbers used in the automotive industry. The...

ARTICLE Optimal Braking Trajectory Generation for Motion Sickness Minimization Based on High-fidelity Subjective Vertical Conflict Modeling
This study proposes an optimal braking trajectory generation framework for minimizing motion sickness in automated vehicles. In contrast to conventional approaches that rely on statistical metrics such as the Motion Sickness Dose Value (MSDV), this framework explicitly embeds th...

ARTICLE Multi-dimensional Attitude Cooperative Hierarchical Control Considering Zero Moment Point
Vehicle ride comfort and handling stability constitute fundamental technical indicators in vehicle dynamics. Active roll control, as a pivotal technology for enhancing vehicle lateral dynamic performance, has demonstrated efficacy under steady-state steering conditions. However,...

ARTICLE Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Novel Multi-axle Electric Truck with Broad-Deep Learning-Based Collaborative Controllers for Active Steering and Direct Yaw Moment Control
This study introduces an electric multi-axle truck (EMAT) featuring a new power system, along with collaborative active steering control (ASC) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) to tackle steering problems. The EMAT design includes a drive motor and differential on the middle a...

ARTICLE Analytical Modeling and Analysis of the Stiffness of an Electromechanical Brake
The electromechanical brake (EMB) offers rapid response and high control precision, marking it as a crucial development direction for the next-generation Brake-by-Wire system. Compared to the pneumatic brake and hydraulic brake, the EMB features a considerably more complex mecha...

ARTICLE Important Features to Consider in Concept Design of Mountain Tram: Part 1. Articulated Bogie
A mountain tram is the railway vehicle running on the tracks in the mountainous regions. Being affected by the rough terrains in the regions, the tracks for mountain trams usually include the curves with small radius and much steeper gradients which usually do not appear in rail...

ARTICLE Study on Electric Wheel Shimmy Mechanism of Electric Vehicle Based on Seven Degree of Freedom Model
The shimmy mechanism in fuel-powered and conventional electric vehicles has been extensively studied. However, research on shimmy in in-wheel motor-driven electric vehicles (EV-DIMs) remains limited. To address this issue, this paper develops a seven-degree-of-freedom (7DOF) shi...

ARTICLE Development of a Machine Learning-Driven Predictive Model for Soot/NO_X Emissions in Reduced Biodiesel Chemical Mechanisms for Internal Combustion Engines
In this study, a biodiesel reduced chemical reaction mechanism was developed, optimized for 3D CFD engine analysis. The mechanism was condensed to focus on the low-temperature region, where fuel oxidation begins. By optimizing the reaction rates of key reactions identified throu...

ARTICLE Fuzzy Control-Based Safety Evaluation and Optimization of Driving Behavior
Unsafe driving behavior significantly contributes to road accidents. This study introduces a safety evaluation and optimization framework designed for different driving styles. High-frequency driving data and positioning information were collected from urban road experiments, an...

ARTICLE Driving Mode Development for Concrete-Mixer Trucks Based on Suburban Power Demand Characteristics
As environmental regulations tighten and carbon neutrality becomes a global priority, construction equipment is increasingly transitioning toward zero-emission power sources. To ensure the feasibility of applying eco-friendly power sources, it is essential to precisely understan...

PUBLISHER ERRATUM Publisher Erratum: Emergency Obstacle Avoidance of Autonomous Vehicles Under Aerial Threats

Current Issue

Volume 27(4); August 2026

Volume 27(3); June 2026

Volume 27(2); April 2026

Volume 27(1); February 2026

Volume 26(7); December 2025

Current Issue: Volume 27(4); Aug 2026

Articles

Connected Automated Vehicles and ITS, Electrical and Electronics

1397

VISEF: Empirical Evaluation of a Vehicle-Level Integrated Functional Safety Framework

Taewan Gu

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1397-1410. Published online 2025 Oct 31 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00369-8

Vision and Sensors

1411

CSPHet-CCFM-YOLOv8: A Lightweight Multi-object Detection and Distance Estimation Framework for Autonomous Driving Systems

Tongying Guo, Siwen Yu

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1411-1426. Published online 2025 Nov 5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00370-1

Engine and Emissions, Fuels and Lubricants

1427

A Study on the Influence of Geometric Parameters of Stepped Combustion Chamber on Heavy Duty Diesel Engines

Haichen Xu, Linpeng Li, Mingfa Yao

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1427-1439. Published online 2025 Nov 6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00371-0

Cited By 2

Engine and Emissions, Fuels and Lubricants

1441

Experimental Investigation and Modeling of Cigarette Smoke Particle Removal for Vehicle Cabin Using Ionizer and Filter

Hong Seok Kim

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1441-1457. Published online 2025 Nov 4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00372-z

Connected Automated Vehicles and ITS, Vehicle Dynamics and Control

1459

Emergency Obstacle Avoidance of Autonomous Vehicles Under Aerial Threats

Xiaole Chen, Meijing Wang, Da Jiang, Yinghao Wu, Ling Du, Xiaoming Liang, Hongchao Zhang

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1459-1470. Published online 2025 Nov 25 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00373-y

Engine and Emissions, Fuels and Lubricants

1471

Numerical Investigation on Laminar Burning Velocity and Flame Temperature Characteristics of Dedicated EGR SI Engine Fueled with Methane and Propane Under Different Equivalence Ratio

Sejun Lee, Norimasa Iida, Ocktaeck Lim

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1471-1483. Published online 2025 Feb 28 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00217-9

Engine and Emissions, Fuels and Lubricants

1485

Modeling and Optimization of Energy Conversion Performance of a Free-Piston Linear Engine

Nguyen Ba Hung, Ocktaeck Lim

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1485-1502. Published online 2024 Dec 26 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00197-2

Cited By 1

Engine and Emissions, Fuels and Lubricants, Heat Transfer, Fluid and Thermal Engineering

1503

Stability Optimization of Gaseous Pressure in a CNG Injection System

Nguyen Ba Hung, Ocktaeck Lim

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1503-1513. Published online 2026 Mar 6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-026-00435-9

Transmission and Driveline, Vehicle Dynamics and Control

1515

A Hierarchical Adaptive Path Planning Framework (HAPPF) with Synergistic A* and DWA Enhancements for Autonomous Vehicles

Zhiwei Yu, Zhu An Zheng, Shuangjian Xie, Qiyuan Huang, Weiqiang Li, Huimin Liu

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1515-1533. Published online 2026 Jan 5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00395-6

Cited By 1

Chassis, Vehicle Dynamics and Control

1535

A Novel Trajectory Planning Strategy for Autonomous Ground Vehicles Using Tangent-based Artificial Potential Field

Xianjian Jin, Jianning Lu, Yinchen Tao, Jianbo Lv, Nonsly Valerienne, Opinat Ikiela, Guodong Yin

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1535-1546. Published online 2025 Nov 10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00374-x

ADAS, AI, Autonomous Vehicles, Electrical and Electronics

1547

A Protocol-Agnostic and Automated Approach to Bi-directional Inter-Domain Communication in Software-Defined Vehicles

Namcheol Lee, Woobean Seo, Seongsoo Hong, Saehwa Kim

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1547-1558. Published online 2026 Jan 29 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00375-w

Electric, Fuel Cell, and Hybrid Vehicle

1559

Study of Lithium-Ion Battery Internal Short Circuit Diagnosis Based on Multi-model Fusion Network Model

Zhongbo Zhang, Yongjia Zeng, Caihang Liao, Wei Yu, Wenbo Zhu, Haibing Li, Qin Liu

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1559-1570. Published online 2025 Nov 26 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00378-7

Cited By 1

Body and Safety, Chassis, Human Factors and Ergonomics, Materials and Recycling, Noise, Vibration and Harshness, Transmission and Driveline, Vehicle Dynamics and Control

1571

Research on Linear Quadratic Regulator Active Air Suspension Control of Heavy-duty Bus Based on Road Roughness Grade Recognition

Yaqi Wang, Lin Yang, Shaoyi Bei, Bo Li, Hao Cui, Guangjia Wang, Mingsen Zhao, Tianli Gao

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1571-1590. Published online 2025 Nov 19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00379-6

Chassis, Electrical and Electronics, Vehicle Dynamics and Control

1591

Joint Estimation of Truck Mass and Road Slope Based on the Unscented Kalman Smoother

Ning Wang, Xiufeng Li, Liaodong Nie, Kuan Kei Hoi

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1591-1605. Published online 2025 Nov 19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00380-z

Engine and Emissions, Fuels and Lubricants

1607

Quantitative Evaluation of Urea-SCR System Hardware Anti-deposition Capability

Tiantian Wang, Gang Chen, Xianju Yuan, Mahmoud Mabrouk

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1607-1618. Published online 2026 Jan 5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00381-y

Electric, Fuel Cell, and Hybrid Vehicle, Fuels and Lubricants, Heat Transfer, Fluid and Thermal Engineering, Vision and Sensors

1619

Prediction of Transient Internal and External Temperatures in Shock Absorbers Under Different Force Levels

Fatih Aydemir, Özgür Karaoğlan, Hüseyin Pehlivan

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1619-1632. Published online 2025 Dec 19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00382-x

Chassis, Vehicle Dynamics and Control

1633

Optimal Braking Trajectory Generation for Motion Sickness Minimization Based on High-fidelity Subjective Vertical Conflict Modeling

Wenfei Ji, Guangyu Tian, Yunchang Yu

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1633-1649. Published online 2025 Dec 22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00383-w

Body and Safety, Chassis, Human Factors and Ergonomics, Materials and Recycling, Noise, Vibration and Harshness, Transmission and Driveline, Vehicle Dynamics and Control

1651

Multi-dimensional Attitude Cooperative Hierarchical Control Considering Zero Moment Point

Boyuan Zheng, Liang Wu, Yuqi Liu, Mingyu Dai, Iljoong Youn

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1651-1663. Published online 2025 Dec 23 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00384-9

Electric, Fuel Cell, and Hybrid Vehicle, Electrical and Electronics, Vehicle Dynamics and Control

1665

Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Novel Multi-axle Electric Truck with Broad-Deep Learning-Based Collaborative Controllers for Active Steering and Direct Yaw Moment Control

Pak Kin Wong, Xiaozheng Wang, Shiron Thalagala

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1665-1702. Published online 2025 Dec 5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00385-8

Cited By 1

Body and Safety, Chassis, Electrical and Electronics

1703

Analytical Modeling and Analysis of the Stiffness of an Electromechanical Brake

Ben Zhang, Zun Yan Hu, Ke Han Yan, Jian Qiu Li, Qian Zhang, Liang Fei Xu, Ming Gao, Ou Yang

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1703-1719. Published online 2025 Dec 4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00386-7

Body and Safety, Chassis, Heat Transfer, Fluid and Thermal Engineering, Manufacturing, Noise, Vibration and Harshness, Transmission and Driveline, Vehicle Dynamics and Control

1721

Important Features to Consider in Concept Design of Mountain Tram: Part 1. Articulated Bogie

Jea Hoon Yeon, Joo Yeon Kim

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1721-1738. Published online 2026 Apr 23 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00406-6

Chassis, Vehicle Dynamics and Control

1739

Study on Electric Wheel Shimmy Mechanism of Electric Vehicle Based on Seven Degree of Freedom Model

Yupeng Su, Qinghua Meng, Kai Chen

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1739-1757. Published online 2025 Dec 12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00388-5

Cited By 1

Electric, Fuel Cell, and Hybrid Vehicle, Engine and Emissions, Fuels and Lubricants, Heat Transfer, Fluid and Thermal Engineering

1759

Development of a Machine Learning-Driven Predictive Model for Soot/NO_X Emissions in Reduced Biodiesel Chemical Mechanisms for Internal Combustion Engines

Yunseok Song, Cheolsu Shin, Hyun Kyu Suh

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1759-1768. Published online 2025 Dec 10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00389-4

Cited By 1

Body and Safety, Human Factors and Ergonomics

1769

Fuzzy Control-Based Safety Evaluation and Optimization of Driving Behavior

Weiqi Zhou, Majun Fei, Chaofeng Pan, Dehua Shi, Hai Zhao

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1769-1785. Published online 2025 Dec 16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00390-x

Electric, Fuel Cell, and Hybrid Vehicle, Engine and Emissions, Fuels and Lubricants, Heat Transfer, Fluid and Thermal Engineering

1787

Driving Mode Development for Concrete-Mixer Trucks Based on Suburban Power Demand Characteristics

Bong Kwan Son, Yonghyun Choi, Joonsuk Kim, Hee Su Kim, Seong Gyeong Kim, Hyunwoo Song

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1787-1798. Published online 2025 Dec 22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-025-00391-w

Publisher Erratum

1799

Publisher Erratum: Emergency Obstacle Avoidance of Autonomous Vehicles Under Aerial Threats

Xiaole Chen, Meijing Wang, Da Jiang, Yinghao Wu, Ling Du, Xiaoming Liang, Hongchao Zhang

Int J Automot Technol. 2026;27(4):1799-1799. Published online 2026 Jul 14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-026-00516-9